EXTRACTION OF IRON

            The following raw materials are involved in manufacturing of iron:

ØIron ores (magnetite, hematite) – iron oxides with earth impurities;

ØCoke, which is both reducing agent and fuel, providing heat for melting the metal and slag.

ØCoke is produced from coking coals by heating them away from air.

ØLimestone – calcium silicate fluxes, forming a fluid slag for removal gangue from the ore.

ØIron is produced in a blast furnace, schematically shown in the picture. 

Blast furnace:-

ØIt the shaft-type furnace consisting of a steel shell lined with refractory bricks.

ØThe top of the furnace is equipped with the bell-like or other        system, providing correct charging and distribution of the raw   materials (ore, coke, limestone). 

ØAir heated to 2200°F (1200°C) is blown through the tuyeres at the bottom.

ØOxigencontaining in air reacts with the coke, producing carbon monoxide:

Ø2C + O2= 2CO

ØHot gases pass up through the descending materials, causing reduction of the iron oxides to iron according to the follwing reactions:

Ø3Fe2O3 + CO = 2Fe3O4 + CO2

ØFe3O4 + CO = 3FeO + CO2

ØFeO + CO = Fe + CO2

ØIron in form of a spongy mass moves down and its temperature reaches the melting point at the bottom regions of the furnace where it melts and accumulates.

ØThe gangue, ash and other fractions of ore and coke are mixed by fluxes, formig slag which is capable to absorb sulphure and other impurities.

ØThe furnace is periodically tapped andthe melt (pig iron) is poured into ladles, which are transferred to steel making furnaces.

ØPig iron usually contains 3-4% of carbon, 2-4% of silicon, 1-2% of manganese and 1-1.2% of phosphorous.

METALLURGY

                                                                  IRON MAKING
INTRODUCTION:-
          1. metallurgy:-
                          •The science that deals with procedures used in       extracting metals from their ores, purifying, alloying and fabrication   of metals, and creating useful objects from metals.

                      •The field of metallurgy may be divided into process metallurgy (production metallurgy, extractive metallurgy) and physical metallurgy. In this system metal processing is considered to be a part of process metallurgy and the mechanical behavior of metals a part of physical metallurgy.

Process metallurgy,

ØThe science and technology used in the production of metals, employs some of the same unit operations and unit processes as chemical engineering. 

ØThese operations and processes are carried out with ores, concentrates, scrap metals, fuels, fluxes, slags, solvents, and electrolytes.

ØDifferent metals require different combinations of operations and processes, but typically the production of a metal involves two major steps.The first is the production of an impure metal from ore minerals, commonly oxides or sulfides, and the second is the refining of the reduced impure metal, for example, by selective oxidation of impurities or by electrolysis.

•Extractive metallurgy

Øis the study of the processes used in the separation and concentration (benefaction) of raw materials.

ØIn extractive metallurgy, benefication is any process which removes the gangue minerals from ore to produce a higher grade product (concentrate), and a waste stream (tailings).

ØThe field is an applied science, covering all aspects of the physical and chemical processes used to produce mineral-containing and metallic materials, sometimes for direct use as a finished product, but more often in a form that requires further physical processing which is generally the subject of physical metallurgy, ceramics, and other disciplines within the broad field of materials science.

•Physical metallurgy

 investigates the effects of composition and treatment on the structure of metals and the relations of the structure to the properties of metals.

•Physical metallurgy is also concerned with the engineering applications of scientific principles to the fabrication, mechanical treatment, heat treatment, and service behavior of metals.

ELECTROMETALLURGY

                         •Electrometallurgy involves metallurgical processes that take place in some form of electrolytic cell.

•The most common types of electrometallurgical processes are electrowinning and electro-refining.

•Electrowinning is an electrolysis process used to recover metals in aqueous solution, usually as the result of an ore having undergone one or more hydrometallurgical processes.

•The metal of interest is plated onto the cathode, while the anode is an inert electrical conductor. Electro-refining is used to dissolve an impure metallic anode (typically from a smelting process) and produce a high purity cathode.

•Fused salt electrolysis is another electrometallurgical process whereby the valuable metal has been dissolved into a molten salt which acts as the electrolyte, and the valuable metal collects on the cathode of the cell.

•The fused salt electrolysis process is conducted at temperatures sufficient to keep both the electrolyte and the metal being produced in the molten state. The scope of electrometallurgy has significant overlap with the areas of hydrometallurgy and (in the case of fused salt electrolysis) pyrometallurgy. Additionally, electrochemical phenomena play a considerable role in many mineral processing and hydrometallurgical processes.

Annealing

Annealing, in metallurgy and materials science, is a heat treatment wherein a material is altered, causing changes in its properties such as strength and hardness. It is a process that produces conditions by heating to above the critical temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature, and then cooling. Annealing is used to induce ductility, soften material, relieve internal stresses, refine the structure by making it homogeneous, and improve cold working properties.

In the cases of copper, steel, silver, and brass, this process is performed by substantially heating the material (generally until glowing) for a while and allowing it to cool. Unlike ferrous metals—which must be cooled slowly to anneal—copper, silver and brass can be cooled slowly in air or quickly by quenching in water. In this fashion the metal is softened and prepared for further work such as shaping, stamping, or forming.

                                                 u can find detailed ppt here

                                                           DOWNLOAD

A discussion on HEAT TREATMENT

                                                    HEAT TREATMENT

Heat treating is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering and quenching. It is noteworthy that while the term heat treatmentapplies only to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other manufacturing processes such as hot forming or welding.

                                                           DOWNLAOD

Austempering

                                                          Austempering
 Austempering is an isothermal heat treatment (tempering) that is applied to ferrous metals, most notably steel and ductile iron. In steel it produces a lower bainite microstructure whereas in cast irons it produces a structure of acicular ferrite and high carbon, stabilized austenite known as ausferrite. It is primarily used to improve mechanical properties. Austempering is defined by both the process and the resultant microstructure . Typical austempering process parameters applied to an unsuitable material will not result in the formation of bainite or ausferrite and thusly the final product will not be called austempered. Both microstructures may also be produced via other methods. For example, they may be produced as-cast or air cooled with the proper alloy content. These materials are also not referred to as austempered.
                                                      get detailed ppt
                                        download

Special types of heat treatments

                                                       

                                                                   Download Now

A detailed discussion on heat treatment of 'c' steel

                                             Heat treating is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering and quenching. It is noteworthy that while the term heat treatmentapplies only to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other manufacturing processes such as hot forming or welding.
                                                           DOWNLOAD PPT 
                                    (with detailed classification of processes)

Heat_Treatment_of_Low_Carbon_Steel

                                                   Heat_Treatment_of_Low_Carbon_Steel

Heat treating is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering and quenching. It is noteworthy that while the term heat treatmentapplies only to processes where the heating and cooling are done for the specific purpose of altering properties intentionally, heating and cooling often occur incidentally during other manufacturing processes such as hot forming or welding.

                                                               Download Now

Batman Arkham City (2011) PC Game

Batman Arkham City (2011)

PC Game 

Info-
Batman Arkham City-Black Box | Publisher: Warner Bros. Interactive / Eidos Interactive | Developer: Rocksteady Studios | Genre: Action | Platform: Pc | Size: 6.91 GB | Release Date: November 22, 2011

Description:
Batman: Arkham City is a 2011 action-adventure video game developed by Rocksteady Studios. It is the sequel to the 2009 video game Batman: Arkham Asylum, based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. The game was released by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The game was officially announced during the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards and was released worldwide for consoles, beginning in North America on October 18, 2011, with the PC version scheduled for November. A Wii U version is set to release in 2012.

Gameplay: 
Arkham City is an open world action video game that incorporates elements of stealth and predator tactics. All of the gadgets previously obtained in the first game are present at the start of Arkham City (with the exception of the Line Launcher and the Ultra Batclaw, which is replaced with the regular Batclaw and Sonic Batarangs). Most of them have improved or new capabilities; for example, the Cryptographic Sequencer can also track signals, the line launcher now can be deployed as a tightrope and has a feature that allows Batman to flip over and launch another zipline, switching directions. The remote control Batarang now has a built in brake and boost, and the grappling gun can now be used while gliding to boost Batman further up into the air.

Minimum System Requirements
Operating System: Microsoft Windows XP, Vista or 7
CPU: Dual-Core CPU 2.4 Ghz
RAM: 2GB
Graphics Card: NVIDIA 8800 or ATI 3800 with 512MB of VRAM
Sound: Microsoft Windows XP/Vista or 7 compatible sound card (100 per cent DirectX 9.0c-compatible)
DVD-ROM: Quad-speed (4x) DVD-ROM drive
Hard Drive: 17.5GB free disk space
Input Devices: 100 per cent Windows XP/Vista or 7 compatible mouse and keyboard
Recommended System Requirements

Cramit Single Link-

DVD Isize: 3.5 gb

DVD IIsize: 3.4 gb

Google Earth Pro 6 (GPS + 3D Support) Full Version

Google Earth Pro 6 (GPS + 3D Support)Full Version

Google Earth is a virtual globe program that lets you surf through our entire planet. You can zoom and search for your town and much more things such as school, churches etc! Google Earth Pro (Gold) is the upgraded version, it has a lot of more features such as movie making or advanced printing and much more… Worth 400 $ Google Earth Pro combines the power of Google Search with satellite imagery, maps, terrain and 3D buildings to put the world’s geographic information at your fingertips.Google Earth for Pilots – This is part of a new series exploring Google Earth uses for different professions/ hobbies.

How to Get 3D Buildings in Google Earth Flight Simulator
1. Enter Flight Simulator mode – Select “Tools->Enter Flight Simulator”. Optional: fly to a city which has 3D buildings (tip: San Francisco, Baltimore, Atlanta, Raleigh, Charlotte – these all have lots of 3D buildings). NOTE: – there is a bug in GE 4.3 if you select the “Current View” option in the “Enter Flight Simulator” window, you may end up at an higher altitude than you expect upon starting the flight (much higher). Just fly back down to the city level.

2. Open the Sidebar – Sidebar shortcut – Press Ctrl + Alt + B’ (or + Option + B’ on the Mac) to bring up the sidebar
3. Turn on 3D Buildings – Turn these on in the Layers pane in the lower left after the sidebar opens.
4. Turn Off Sidebar – IMPORTANT – before resuming the flight simulator, turn off the sidebar by hitting the sidebar shortcut from step 2
5. Resume flight – Now you can resume flying the flight simulator by hitting the SPACE key and the 3D buildings should stay on for your current flight.

INSTALL NOTES-
Please Disable All AV/Anti Malware Softwares When it Reaches 90% As It will Recognize The Patch As Some Hack Tool etc.(Dont Worry Fake Notification To Curb Piracy)Dont Extract The Zip/Rar
1) Install The Setup Provided From The Zip Only
2) After Installation Dont Launch Google Earth
3) Open The Patch Folder(Make Sure AV Is Disabled)
4) Check The Screenshot Provided On How To Use The Patch Below & In The Installation Directory.

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Size: 14 mb

OS : Win XP/2000/Vista/Win 7

Windows 8 [32bit] Consumer Preview

Windows 8 [32bit]
Consumer Preview

Windows 8 Description-The next generation of Windows, a re-imagining of the operating system from the chip to the experience
This is a detailed preview of the next major release of Windows, code-named "Windows 8". From the chipset to the user experience, Windows 8 brings a new range of capabilities without compromise.
Windows 8 is designed to be the first Windows client to support systems on a chip (SoC) architectures, including ARM, and since it will be pre-installed on a range of next generation devices, it will also feature Metro, a NUI + GUI interface on the surface combined with a new application platform under-the-hood designed to enable the creation of immersive experiences.
The latest iteration of Microsoft's operating system brings an innovative new platform and tools to developers. Windows 8 apps can use a broad set of new libraries and controls, designed for fluid interaction and seamless connectivity. Apps can add new capabilities to Windows and to other apps, connecting with one another through the new interface.

Touch-First User Interface:· Metro style - Windows 8 introduces a new Metro style interface built for touch, which shows information important to you, embodies simplicity and gives you control. The Metro style UI is equally at home with a mouse and keyboard as well.
· Touch-first browsing, not just browsing on a touch device - Providing a fast and fluid touch-browsing experience, Internet Explorer 10 puts sites at the center on new Windows 8 devices.
More Ways to Engage With Powerful, Connected Apps:
· Powered by apps - Metro style apps built for Windows 8 are the focal point of your experience, filling your entire screen so there are no distractions.
· Apps can work together - Apps communicate with each other in Windows 8. For example, you can easily select and email photos from different places, such as Facebook, Flickr or on your hard drive.
· Your experience syncs across your devices - Live roams all the content from the cloud services you use most — photos, email, calendar and contacts — keeping them up-to-date on your devices. With SkyDrive, you can access your files, photos and documents from virtually anywhere with any browser or with Metro style apps in Windows 8.

Enhanced Fundamentals:· The best of Windows 7, only better - Windows 8 is built on the rock-solid foundation of Windows 7, delivering improvements in performance, security, privacy and system reliability. Windows 8 reduces the memory footprint needed - even on the lowest-end hardware - leaving more room for your apps.
· Preserving power-user favorites and making them better - For those who push the limits of their PC, Windows 8 features an enhanced Task Manager and Windows Explorer and new, flexible options for multimonitor setups.

New Developer Opportunities:· Windows Store - The Windows Store will allow developers to sell their apps anywhere Windows is sold worldwide, whether they’re creating new games or familiar productivity tools.
· Build using more languages - Windows 8 lets you leverage your existing skills and code assets to create great experiences using the programming language you prefer.
· Rich hardware integration leads to richer experiences, particularly for games - DirectX 11 gaming power underlies Windows 8, allowing the easy creation of full-screen games with smooth, flicker-free action.

New Generation of Hardware:· One Windows - many shapes and sizes - Support for ARM-based chipsets, x86 (as well as x32 and x64) devices, touch and sensors means Windows 8 works beautifully across a spectrum of devices, from 10-inch tablets and laptops to all-in-ones with 27-inch high-definition screens.
· Always connected - With Windows 8, new ultrathin PCs and tablets turn on instantly, run all day on a single charge and stay connected to the Internet so your PC is ready when you are. Next-generation system on a chip (SoC) support will also enable greatly extended standby and low-power states.
· Tap the full power of your PC - Windows 8 runs on PCs and is compatible with the devices and programs you use today on Windows 7, without compromise, to deliver the performance you expect of a PC.

Requirements:· 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor;
· 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit);
· 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit);
· DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver.
· Taking advantage of touch input requires a screen that supports multi-touch
Product Key: DNJXJ-7XBW8-2378T-X22TX-BKG7J

                                                                                 
                                                                          Mediafire Download Links-

                                                              Download Now
                                                                

                                                                Size: 2.5 gb                                                                                 OS : Win XP/2000/Vista/Win 7

Internet Download Manager 6.07 (fully cracked) 15 Full Version

                 

 

Internet Download Manager 6.07 (Fully Cracked)
Full Version 

Internet Download Manager (IDM) is a tool to increase download speeds by up to 5 times, resume and schedule downloads. Comprehensive error recovery and resume capability will restart broken or interrupted downloads due to lost connections, network problems, computer shutdowns, or unexpected power outages. Simple graphic user interface makes IDM user friendly and easy to use.

Internet Download Manager has a smart download logic accelerator that features intelligent dynamic file segmentation and safe multipart downloading technology to accelerate your downloads.

Internet Download Manager supports proxy servers, ftp and http protocols, firewalls, redirects, cookies, authorization, MP3 audio and MPEG video content processing. IDM integrates seamlessly into Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape, MSN Explorer, AOL, Opera, Mozilla, Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Firebird, Avant Browser, MyIE2, and all other popular browsers to automatically handle your downloads.

                                             Mediafire Download Link
                                                   
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                                                          Size: 5 mb

TuneUp Utilities 12.0 (2012) Full Version

                                                   TuneUp Utilities 12.0 (2012)
                                                  FULL VERSION

            Uncompromising performance, maximum battery life, a clutter-free PC experience and smart energy efficiency – that‘s exactly what you get with an all-new TuneUp Utilitiese 2012. Packed full with more than 30 tools, we guaranteed that     your pc  is in top shape!

Discover  All New Features:
It’s Windows® like you’ve never seen it before, all thanks to two truly unique technologies built into TuneUp Utilities™ 2012.
Our revamped Program Deactivator restores over 50% of speed and free space on bogged-down PCs, while TuneUp Economy Mode improves battery life by up to 30% and is nothing short of an energy-saving miracle.
And now it’s easier than ever to optimize your PC thanks to our fully redesigned Start Center.
-TuneUp Economy Mode
-TuneUp Program Deactivator

Improve Performance and Battery Life:
Massive performance loss and unbearable slowdowns don’t just occur on ancient Windows® XP machines. As a matter of fact, they oftentimes hit even the fastest Windows® 7 laptops and desktops around. But not anymore!
TuneUp Utilities™ 2012 takes your PC to the next performance level, guaranteeing lightning-fast application load times and extended battery life that can endure even the longest trips.
-TuneUp Program Deactivator
-TuneUp Economy Mode
-Turbo Mode
-TuneUp Live Optimization
-Disable startup programs
-Accelerate system startup and shutdown
-Defragment hard disk

Take Care of Your PC and Data Clutter:
The perfect PC cleanup in less than 5 minutes? Now it’s easier than ever thanks to TuneUp Utilities™ 2012 which removes thousands of megabytes of Windows® clutter while refreshing your registry and deleting massive disk space hogs. The all-in-one maintenance of TuneUp Utilities™ 2012 makes sure your PC becomes cleaner and faster than ever before.
-1-Click-Maintenance & Automatic Maintenance
-Clean hard disk
-Uninstall unneeded programs
-Defragment, Clean and Edit the Registry
-Find and Delete Large Amounts of Data
-Remove Broken Shortcuts

Restore and Secure-Wipe Files:
Keeping your data private and secure is crucial. TuneUp Utilities™ top three tools enable you to restore accidentally deleted files, clean out data traces from your hard disk, and securely wipe sensitive files in order to prevent them from falling into the wrong hands.
-Restore deleted files
-Clean hard disk
-Delete files safely

Analyze and troubleshoot your PC:
Tired of calling up PC experts or costly tech hotlines? Then help yourself with TuneUp Utilities™. Its easy-to-use wizards and diagnostic tools help you find vulnerabilities, errors, and your PC’s untapped performance potential. With TuneUp Utilities™ you’ll get rid of the most annoying Windows® problems of all time with just a few clicks and push your PC to perform better than ever.
-Show system information
-Status & recommendations (category)
-Optimization status
-Increase performance – recommendations
-Program rating
-Display and close running processes
-Detect and fix problems
-Check hard disk for errors

Personalize Windows®:
Bored with the same Windows® themes, logon screens or icons? Ready to give your PC a makeover? TuneUp Utilities™ 2012 offers unique customization possibilities that’ll transform the same old and boring Windows® XP “Luna” and Windows® 7 “Aero” design to something new, sleek, and exciting. And once you’re done with that, TuneUp System Control helps you adjust more than 400 hidden Windows® and program settings .
-Customize the appearance of Windows® (TuneUp Styler)
-Customize options and behaviors (TuneUp System Control)

More Great Features:
With its elegant and powerful Start Center interface, TuneUp Utilities™ guides users through all their optimization steps and helps them solve issues with their PC, Windows®, or 3rd party software. Thanks to our brand new Settings Center, you’ll also have instant access to the most important settings and update features of TuneUp Utilities™ 2012. And once you’re done, the Optimization Report provides you with a complete history of problems solved, tuning steps performed, and data clutter removed.
-Start Center
-Overview of all functions
-TuneUp Utilities Settings Center
-TuneUp Utilities Settings Center
- check for Updates
-Optimization Report

How To Use:
1)Install “Glary Utilities Pro”.
2)Click On “Glary Utilities Pro Serials”.
3)Choose A ‘UserName’ & ‘Serial’.
4)Register “Glary Utilities Pro”.
5)Enjoy!!!.

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Size: 36 mb