METALLURGY

                                                                  IRON MAKING
INTRODUCTION:-
          1. metallurgy:-
                          •The science that deals with procedures used in       extracting metals from their ores, purifying, alloying and fabrication   of metals, and creating useful objects from metals.

                      •The field of metallurgy may be divided into process metallurgy (production metallurgy, extractive metallurgy) and physical metallurgy. In this system metal processing is considered to be a part of process metallurgy and the mechanical behavior of metals a part of physical metallurgy.

Process metallurgy,

ØThe science and technology used in the production of metals, employs some of the same unit operations and unit processes as chemical engineering. 

ØThese operations and processes are carried out with ores, concentrates, scrap metals, fuels, fluxes, slags, solvents, and electrolytes.

ØDifferent metals require different combinations of operations and processes, but typically the production of a metal involves two major steps.The first is the production of an impure metal from ore minerals, commonly oxides or sulfides, and the second is the refining of the reduced impure metal, for example, by selective oxidation of impurities or by electrolysis.

•Extractive metallurgy

Øis the study of the processes used in the separation and concentration (benefaction) of raw materials.

ØIn extractive metallurgy, benefication is any process which removes the gangue minerals from ore to produce a higher grade product (concentrate), and a waste stream (tailings).

ØThe field is an applied science, covering all aspects of the physical and chemical processes used to produce mineral-containing and metallic materials, sometimes for direct use as a finished product, but more often in a form that requires further physical processing which is generally the subject of physical metallurgy, ceramics, and other disciplines within the broad field of materials science.

•Physical metallurgy

 investigates the effects of composition and treatment on the structure of metals and the relations of the structure to the properties of metals.

•Physical metallurgy is also concerned with the engineering applications of scientific principles to the fabrication, mechanical treatment, heat treatment, and service behavior of metals.